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- frostcollections Array Collection CollectionView CollectionWriter DefaultHashMap HashKey HashMap HashSet IdentityMap IdentitySet ImmutableArray Iterable Iterator List ListView ListWriter Map MapView MapWriter Stack core Bit Char16 Char32 Char8 Comparable Equatable Error Formattable Immutable Int Int16 Int32 Int64 Int8 Matcher Maybe MutableString Index MutableValue Object Range Real32 Real64 RegularExpression SteppedRange String Index Match System Process UInt UInt16 UInt32 UInt64 UInt8 Value Weak io ByteOrder Console File IndentedOutputStream InputStream LineNumberInputStream MemoryInputStream MemoryOutputStream OutputStream PushbackInputStream math Random XorShift128Plus threads Lock MessageQueue Notifier ScopedLock Thread time Timer unsafe Pointer UnsafeMessageQueue

Basic Types

All types in Frost are subclasses of frost.core.Object, but some basic types are so integral to programming that they enjoy special treatment within the compiler. All of these types are in the package frost.core, so that the fully-qualified name of e.g. the 32-bit signed integer type is frost.core.Int32.

Numbers

Frost numbers come in three basic flavors, Int (signed integer), UInt (unsigned integer), and Real (floating point), in several sizes. The following number types are supported:

Int8 - 8 bit signed integer, range -128 to 127
Int16 - 16 bit signed integer, range -32,768 to 32,767
Int32 - 32 bit signed integer, range -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Int64 - 64 bit signed integer, range -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
UInt8 - 8 bit unsigned integer, range 0 to 255
UInt16 - 16 bit unsigned integer, range 0 to 65,535
UInt32 - 32 bit unsigned integer, range 0 to 4,294,967,296
UInt64 - 64 bit unsigned integer, range 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
Real32 - 32 bit floating point number, range -3.4 x 10^38 to 3.4 x 10^38
Real64 - 64 bit floating point number, range -1.7 x 10^308 to 1.7 x 10^308
Int - either 32 or 64 bit signed number, depending on environment
UInt - either 32 or 64 bit unsigned number, depending on environment
Real - either 32 or 64 bit real number, depending on environment

Numbers may be represented in programs using any of the following:

Decimal integers, e.g. 7361 or -65
Decimal reals, e.g. 12.5 or .3451
Exponential notation, e.g. 1.2e10 (1.2 x 10^10) or 0.1e-5 (0.1 x 10^-5)
Hexadecimal with a leading 0x, e.g. 0x1B6A
Binary with a leading 0b, e.g. 0b1110001

Bit

Bit is Frost's boolean logic type. Bit has exactly two possible values, true or false, represented by the literal words true and false in a program. Bit values are generally produced by the logical operators, and are often used in control statements such as if, while, and do.

Char

Frost has three different sizes of characters: Char8, Char16, and Char32. Strings can provide their characters in any of the three sizes, but String's API is primarily focused on Char32.

Frost does not have a dedicated Char literal syntax. Any single-character string literal, such as "Q" or "��", may be used in a context where a Char that can hold it is expected.

String

Frost strings are represented by a single- or double-quoted sequence of characters that does not contain a newline character. Within a string, the following escape sequences are recognized:

\n - a newline (code point 10)
\r - a carriage return (code point 13)
\t - a tab (code point 9)
\" - a literal double quote
\\ - a literal backslash
\{...} - a string interpolation expression